๐Ÿงพ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทœ์ •์˜๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ(Problems and Improvement Measures of the Apportionment Calculation Rules for Common Input Tax under the Value-Added Tax Act Related to Government Subsidies)โ€•์˜์ •๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› 2012.6.26. ์„ ๊ณ 2011๊ตฌํ•ฉ4010 ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœโ€•)_2023_ํ•œ๊ตญ์กฐ์„ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ_์ž„ํ˜„์ง€, ๊ฐ•๋ฏผ์กฐ

[Original Paper(๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์›๋ณธ)]

https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11608175

[Paper Summary(๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์š”์•ฝ)]

Key Concepts(์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…)

โ–  Common Input Tax(๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก)

Refers to input tax that is used commonly for both taxable and tax-exempt businesses, making it impossible to distinguish its actual attribution.(๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์ง€ ๊ท€์†์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ.)

โ–  Non-taxable Business(๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…)

Refers to a business that supplies goods or services that are not subject to value-added tax (VAT).(๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์žฌํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์šฉ์—ญ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ.)

โ–  Government Subsidy(๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ)

Refers to subsidies received by a business entity from the government or similar authorities.(๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ.)

โ–  Supply Value for Tax-Exempt Businesses, etc.(๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก)

the supply value of tax-exempt businesses, and government subsidies, public subsidies, and similar amounts that are received by the business in relation to such tax-exempt businesses but are not included in the tax base.(๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์„ธํ‘œ์ค€์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ, ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ก์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ.

1. Research Objective(์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ )

  • The purpose is to analyze the problems of the current legal system under the Value-Added Tax Act, which treats government subsidies in the same manner as non-taxable and tax-exempt supply values when calculating the apportionment of common input tax.(๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธยท๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ น์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ.)
  • It aims to identify the legal and policy-related issues of the VAT framework that treats government subsidy receipts as equivalent to tax-exempt supply values, and to propose legislative improvements.(๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ น์•ก์„ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๋ฒ•๋ น์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์ ยท์ •์ฑ…์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ.)
  • It also aims to analyze a case in which the issue arose as to whether government subsidies (operational grants) received by a non-profit organization conducting government-designated research and development services as its primary purpose business should be included in the apportionment calculation of common input tax.(๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์šฉ์—ญ์„ ๊ณ ์œ ๋ชฉ์ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ(์šด์˜์ถœ์—ฐ๊ธˆ)์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ํฌํ•จ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ.)

2. Research Methodology(์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)

  • The study provides an overview of the historical development of the apportionment rules for common input tax and reviews judicial precedents in which the apportionment of common input tax related to government subsidies was at issue.(๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ์—ฐํ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋œ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ.)
  • Based on an analysis of the relevant rulings, it compares the Korean Value-Added Tax Act with the EU VAT Directive regarding the tax treatment of government subsidies in the apportionment of common input tax.(์Ÿ์  ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์„ธ์ œ์ƒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ EU ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ.)
  • Focusing on the practical implications of the key rulings, it identifies problems in the current method of apportioning common input tax related to government subsidies and proposes improvement measures.(์Ÿ์  ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ.)

3. Key Findings(์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ)

  • Under the current Enforcement Decree of the Value-Added Tax Act, government subsidies are treated in the same manner as the supply value of tax-exempt businesses in the apportionment calculation of common input tax, regardless of whether they constitute consideration. As a result, input tax is disallowed in proportion to the amount of government subsidies, leading to the issue that the VAT burden ultimately falls on public-interest entities.(ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น์€ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ œ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์ต์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๊ท€์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ.)
  • Treating government subsidies uniformly as tax-exempt supply values produces policy effects that contradict the original intent of providing such subsidies.(๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์˜ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•จ.)
  • Furthermore, the concept of the โ€œsupply valueโ€ of non-taxable businesses gives rise to a conceptual inconsistency, as it presupposes a supply within a business where no supply actually exists, thereby creating room to include the mere receipt of government subsidies within the supply value of non-taxable activities.(๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ชจ์ˆœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ.)

4. Conclusions and Implications(๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ )

  • In the apportionment of common input tax, even government subsidies that are unrelated to business activities are uniformly regarded as equivalent to tax-exempt supply values. As a result, the VAT burden of taxpayers who engage in both taxable and tax-exempt supplies increases.(๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์•ก ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ.)
  • The current apportionment rules, which uniformly treat government subsidies as non-taxable supply values and include them in tax-exempt supply values, undermine the internal consistency of the VAT system and exceed the limits of delegated legislation.(๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์„ธ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚ด์  ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„์ž„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ผํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.)
  • Since government subsidies that lack consideration for supply cannot be clearly attributed to either taxable or tax-exempt activities, they should be excluded from the apportionment calculation of common input tax, or alternatively, the EU VAT Directive approach should be adopted to allow taxpayers to choose the method.(๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—… ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ท€์†์ด ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„๊ณ„์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, EU ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.)

[Questions(์งˆ์˜)]

1. What are the problems of the current legal framework regarding the treatment of government subsidies as non-taxable and tax-exempt supply values in this study?(์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ?)

โ–  Analysis of Legal Issues(๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ถ„์„)
Under the current legal framework, government subsidies are treated in the same manner as the supply value of non-taxable and tax-exempt businesses, which has led to ongoing disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities.(ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ น์€ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์™€ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋‹น๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹คํˆผ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.)

In particular, there are numerous court decisions holding that government subsidies that do not constitute consideration for services provided by a business cannot be regarded as supply value related to non-taxable activities.(ํŠนํžˆ, ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ธ‰๋ถ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•จ.)

However, contrary to the position of the courts, the government amended the Enforcement Decree of the Value-Added Tax Act to require that government subsidies be treated in the same way as the supply value of tax-exempt and non-taxable businessesโ€”regardless of the existence of considerationโ€”and be included in both total supply value and the supply value of tax-exempt businesses.(๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์„ธ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•จ.) P2.

โ–  Criticism of the Governmentโ€™s Response(์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋น„ํŒ)
This approach by the government has been criticized as a hasty resolutionโ€”based on a treasury-oriented perspectiveโ€”of the conflicting interpretations between tax authorities and the judiciary regarding government subsidies.(์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋‹น๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ตญ๊ณ ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.)

By treating even government subsidies unrelated to business activities as tax-exempt supply values in the apportionment of common input tax, the system ultimately increases the VAT burden of taxpayers engaged in both taxable and tax-exempt supplies.(๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „์•ก ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ.)

This results in a situation where the receipt of government subsidies affects the burden of an indirect tax, which lacks justification from the perspective of tax equity and undermines the original purpose of such subsidies.(์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ น ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ์„ธํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ) P25.

In conclusion, the current rules for apportioning common input tax contain significant problems, as they uniformly treat government subsidies as non-taxable supply values and include them in the supply value of tax-exempt businesses.(๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ณตํ†ต๋งค์ž…์„ธ์•ก ์•ˆ๋ถ„ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์„ธ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.)

2. What are the specific characteristics of government subsidies mentioned in the study?(์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€?)

Government subsidies can be broadly classified into four types, with each type differing in terms of whether it constitutes consideration.(๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จ๋จ.)

โ–  Type 1(์ œ1์œ ํ˜•): Gratuitous Support(๋ฌด์ƒ ์ง€์›)
This type involves comprehensive and direct support provided without any consideration for the actions of the subsidy recipient.(์ด ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ธ‰๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž„.)

For example, general financial assistance or support for the primary-purpose activities of non-profit organizations falls under this category.(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ๋ชฉ์  ์‚ฌ์—… ์ง€์›์ด ํ•ด๋‹น๋จ.)
In such cases, there is no consideration(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.)

โ–  Type 2(์ œ2์œ ํ˜•): Indirect Support(๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์ง€์›)
In this type, subsidies are granted to a recipient who is also a business operator, while support is indirectly provided to those who receive goods or services.(๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๊ฒธ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž„.)

For example, compensation for public service obligations provided to the Korea Railroad Corporation falls under this category.(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณต์ต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ณด์ƒ์•ก์ด ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•จ.)

In this case as well, it is considered that there is no consideration.(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋จ.)

โ–  Type 3(์ œ3์œ ํ˜•): Specific Financial Support(๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์žฌ์ •์ง€์›)
This type involves subsidies being paid as a direct and specific consideration to suppliers of goods or services through the subsidy recipient.(์ด ์œ ํ˜•์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ธ‰๋ถ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž„. )

In other words, the subsidy recipient uses the funds to pay those who supply goods or services to themโ€”for example, support for research and development or facility investment.(์ฆ‰, ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ค ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€์›์ด ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•จ.)

In this case, consideration may exist.(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.)

โ–  Type 4(์ œ4์œ ํ˜•): Substantive Consideration Relationship(์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ด€๊ณ„)
In this type, the government or similar entity receives goods or services from a business (supplier), and provides funds under the name of subsidies. However, in substance, these funds serve as consideration for the goods or services received.(๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž(์žฌํ™”โ€ค์šฉ์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์›์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์‹ค์งˆ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ธ‰๋ถ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž„.)

In such cases, there is a substantive consideration relationship, and it can be regarded as having consideration.(์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ) P22.

Considering these diverse characteristics, treating government subsidies uniformly as tax-exempt supply values without distinction may undermine the consistency of the VAT system and cause confusion.(์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์น˜๊ณ  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.) P26

๋‹ต๊ธ€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ

์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ˆ˜ ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” *๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค