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Paper/Report(๋…ผ๋ฌธ/๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ)

๐Ÿงพ Generative Artificial Intelligence for Compliance Risk Analysis: Applications in Tax and Customs Administration(์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• AI: ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ)_2025_IMF_Joshua Aslett, Thomas Cantens, Franรงois Chastel, Emmanuel Crown, and Stuart Hamilton

By academicus
2026-07-02 8 Min Read
0

[Original Paper(๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์›๋ณธ)]

https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/tnm/2025/english/tnmea2025013.pdf

[Paper Summary(๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์š”์•ฝ)]

1. Key Concepts(์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…)

โ–  Generative Artificial Intelligence(GenAI)(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ)

GenAI is a branch of artificial intelligence that creates human-like content by learning patterns from large datasets.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž„)

It can generate text, code, images, data analysis, and predictions through natural language interactions.(GenAI๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ, ์ฝ”๋“œ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

โ–  Compliance Risk Analysis(์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„)

Compliance risk analysis refers to the identification, assessment, prioritization, and treatment of risks associated with taxpayer and trader non-compliance in tax and customs administration.(์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •์—์„œ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์™€ ๋ฌด์—ญ์—…์ž์˜ ๋น„์ค€์ˆ˜(non-compliance)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ)

โ–  Natural Language Research(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ), Analysis, and Analytics(๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•)

The paper identifies three transformational capabilities of GenAI for compliance functions(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(compliance functions)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜์‹ ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ):

  • Natural language research(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)
  • Natural language analysis(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„)
  • Natural language analytics(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•)

These capabilities allow analysts to interact with data and systems using ordinary language rather than specialized programming skills.(์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋Œ€์‹  ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์คŒ)

โ–  Four Generalized AI Roles(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ์—ญํ• )

The study categorizes GenAI use cases into four levels(์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•จ):

  1. Assistant AI(๋ณด์กฐ์ž AI) โ€“ supports routine tasks such as summarization and document review.(์š”์•ฝ, ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•จ)
  2. Consultant AI(์ž๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ AI) โ€“ provides expert insights and recommendations.(์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ)
  3. Collaborator AI(ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž AI) โ€“ works jointly with analysts in research and reporting.(์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•จ)
  4. Autonomous Agent AI(์ž์œจ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ AI) โ€“ independently performs tasks within predefined limits.(์‚ฌ์ „์— ์ •์˜๋œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ)

โ–  Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)(๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ƒ์„ฑ)

RAG enhances foundation models by connecting GenAI with internal knowledge repositories, thereby improving accuracy, contextual understanding, and domain-specific relevance.(RAG๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง€์‹ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ(Foundation Model)์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž„, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์ดํ•ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

โ–  Agentic AI(์—์ด์ „ํŠธํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ)

Agentic AI refers to AI agents that can interact with humans, databases, and other agents to complete complex tasks autonomously through natural language communication.(์—์ด์ „ํŠธํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ AI ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” AI ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ)

2. Research Objective(์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ )

โ–  The primary objective of the paper is(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Œ):

To explain how generative AI can support compliance risk analysis in tax and customs administration and to demonstrate practical, high-value use cases for the technology.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์ด ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„)

โ–  More specifically, the authors aim to(๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•จ):

  • Discuss future developments and implications for public revenue administrations.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•จ)
  • Introduce the fundamentals of GenAI and how it works.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ)
  • Demonstrate how GenAI can enhance compliance risk management activities.(์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ)
  • Present practical examples of GenAI applications in tax and customs administration.(๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์šด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•จ)
  • Explore deployment models and future operational possibilities.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ)
  • Provide guidelines for the responsible adoption of GenAI.(๊ณต๊ณต ์ˆ˜์ž… ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€(Public Revenue Administrations)์— ๋ฏธ์น  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•จ)

3. Research Methodology(์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)

The study adopts a technical guidance and demonstration-based approach rather than an empirical experimental design.(์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„(empirical experimental design)๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ์‹œ์—ฐ(demonstration)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ)

โ–  Conceptual Framework Development(๊ฐœ๋…์  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)

The authors first explain to establish a conceptual framework for understanding GenAI.(์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ):

  • GenAI architecture(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜)
  • Foundation models(๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Large Language Models (LLMs)(๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ)
  • Machine learning concepts(๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ฐœ๋…)
  • Agent-based systems(์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
  • Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems(๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)

โ–  Development of Generalized Use Cases(์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)

The paper creates a framework consisting of the four GenAI roles(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ):

  • Assistant(๋ณด์กฐ์ž)
  • Consultant(์ž๋ฌธ๊ฐ€)
  • Collaborator(ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž)
  • Autonomous Agent(์ž์œจ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ)

These serve as generalized categories for evaluating AI applications in compliance risk analysis.(์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์€ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋จ)

โ–  Demonstration-Based Case Studies(์‹œ์—ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)

The paper presents several proof-of-concept demonstrations.(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ฆ๋ช…(Proof-of-Concept)์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ)

1. Natural Language Research(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)

GenAI is used to analyze tax compliance risks arising from a hypothetical 25% currency devaluation and commodity price decline.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ 25% ํ†ตํ™” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ•˜๋ฝ(currency devaluation)๊ณผ ์›์ž์žฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ•˜๋ฝ(commodity price decline)์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฌด ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋จ)

2. Natural Language Analysis(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„)

GenAI reviews a multinational mining company’s annual report to identify(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ด‘์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ์ฐจ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•จ):

  • Profit shifting risks(์ด์ต ์ด์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜)
  • Transfer pricing risks(์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์œ„ํ—˜)
  • Debt allocation strategies(๋ถ€์ฑ„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ์ „๋žต)
  • Royalty arrangements(๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ)
  • Tax avoidance indicators(์กฐ์„ธ ํšŒํ”ผ ์ง•ํ›„)

and generates a tax risk bow-tie analysis.(๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ฌด ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ณดํƒ€์ด(Bow-Tie) ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ)

3. Natural Language Analytics(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•)

GenAI conducts predictive analytics on audit data by(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ(audit) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ):

  • Cleaning data(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •์ œ)
  • Generating Python code(Python ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ƒ์„ฑ)
  • Building a Random Forest classifier(๋žœ๋ค ํฌ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•)
  • Calculating ROC curves(ROC ๊ณก์„ (ROC Curves) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ)
  • Ranking audit cases based on compliance risk(์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ˆœ์œ„ํ™”(Ranking Audit Cases Based on Compliance Risk))

and interpreting the results.(๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ)

4. Agentic Integration Demonstrations(์—์ด์ „ํŠธํ˜• ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์‹œ์—ฐ)

The paper demonstrates AI agents interacting with(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์—ฐํ•จ):

  • Databases(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค)
  • SQL systems(SQL ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
  • Data analysis tools(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋„๊ตฌ)
  • Other AI agents(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ)

to perform compliance analysis tasks autonomously.(์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„(Compliance Analysis) ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ)

4. Key Findings(์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ)

โ–  GenAI Significantly Enhances Analyst Productivity(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด)

GenAI can dramatically reduce the effort required for(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—…๋ฌด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ):

  • Research(์—ฐ๊ตฌ)
  • Risk reviews(์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† )
  • Report generation(๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ž‘์„ฑ)
  • Coding(์ฝ”๋”ฉ)
  • Data analysis(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„)

through natural language interactions.

โ–  Natural Language Interfaces Lower Technical Barriers(์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถค)

Risk analysts no longer require extensive expertise in:(์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

  • Programming(ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ)
  • SQL
  • Machine learning(๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹)

to perform sophisticated analytical tasks.

โ–  GenAI Can Support Most Stages of Compliance Risk Management(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

The technology can contribute throughout the OECD compliance risk management process:(์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ OECD ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(OECD Compliance Risk Management) ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

  • Risk identification(์œ„ํ—˜ ์‹๋ณ„)
  • Risk assessment(์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€)
  • Behavior analysis(ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„)
  • Treatment strategy design(๋Œ€์‘ ์ „๋žต ์„ค๊ณ„)
  • Monitoring and evaluation(๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€)

using natural language.(์ฆ‰, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)

โ–  GenAI Improves Risk Detection Capabilities(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํƒ์ง€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด)

Through document analysis and data analytics, GenAI can identify(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ):

  • Transfer pricing issues(์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ)
  • Profit shifting behavior(์ด์ต ์ด์ „ ํ–‰์œ„)
  • Debt structuring strategies(๋ถ€์ฑ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ์ „๋žต)
  • Royalty abuse(๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ๋‚จ์šฉ)
  • Compliance anomalies(์ค€์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ ์ง•ํ›„)

more rapidly than traditional approaches.

โ–  Agentic AI Represents a Major Future Development(์—์ด์ „ํŠธํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ)

AI agents can increasingly(์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž„):

  • Query databases(๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์งˆ์˜)
  • Generate SQL(SQL ์ƒ์„ฑ)
  • Conduct analyses(๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰)
  • Create models(๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•)
  • Communicate with other agents(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ์™€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต)

with minimal human involvement.

โ–  On-Premises Solutions Are Likely to Become Important(์˜จํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€)

Because tax and customs administrations manage sensitive information, on-premises and open-source GenAI solutions are likely to become preferred deployment options.(์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์˜จํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค(On-Premises) ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI) ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํฌ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ)

โ–  Risks Remain Significant(์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Œ)

The study highlights ongoing concerns regarding(์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ):

  • Hallucinations(ํ™˜๊ฐ)
  • Bias(ํŽธํ–ฅ)
  • Privacy(๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ)
  • Security(๋ณด์•ˆ)
  • Accountability(์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ)
  • Transparency(ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ)

which require careful governance.(์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•จ)

5. Conclusions and Implications(๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ )

โ–  Conclusions(๊ฒฐ๋ก )

The authors conclude that GenAI has the potential to transform compliance risk analysis in tax and customs administration. It can support virtually all forms of compliance research, analysis, and analytics while substantially improving productivity and expanding access to advanced analytical capabilities.

(์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์Œ, ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.)

The future role of AI may evolve beyond simple assistance toward collaboration and, in some cases, autonomous operation through AI agents. However, responsibility for decisions must remain with human officials.

(์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ง€์› ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ˜‘์—… ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” AI ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์œจ์  ์šด์˜์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ.)

โ–  Theoretical Implications(์ด๋ก ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ )

The study suggests that GenAI represents a new paradigm in compliance risk management because it(์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์ด ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•จ. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Œ):

  • Integrates natural language with analytics.(์ž์—ฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ)
  • Expands the role of AI from prediction to reasoning and content generation.(์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก (reasoning) ๋ฐ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ƒ์„ฑ(content generation)์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•จ)
  • Introduces agent-based analytical systems.(์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(agent-based analytical systems)์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ)
  • Changes the relationship between analysts and technology.(๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด)

โ–  Practical Implications(์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ )

Tax and customs administrations should(์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ):

  • Develop GenAI governance frameworks.(์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI) ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ)
  • Train staff in AI literacy and prompt engineering.(์ง์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ AI ํ™œ์šฉ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰(AI Literacy)๊ณผ ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง(Prompt Engineering) ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ)
  • Build secure compliance-information repositories.(์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ(Compliance Information Repositories)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•จ)
  • Integrate GenAI gradually through carefully selected use cases.(์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ •๋œ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ)
  • Maintain strong human oversight of AI-supported decisions.(AI๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ)

Potential applications include(์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Œ):

  • Risk profiling(์œ„ํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง)
  • Audit selection(๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ ์ •)
  • Fraud detection(์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ง€)
  • Transfer pricing review(์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒ€ํ† )
  • Customs risk assessment(๊ด€์„ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€)
  • Business intelligence(๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ธํ…”๋ฆฌ์ „์Šค)
  • Case management support(์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์›)

โ–  Future Research Directions(ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ)

The report identifies several emerging areas(์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ):

  • Agent-based compliance systems(์—์ด์ „ํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
  • Customized GenAI solutions for revenue administrations(์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜)
  • RAG-enhanced compliance intelligence systems(RAG(๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ƒ์„ฑ)๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
  • Secure on-premises GenAI deployments(๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์˜จํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ตฌ์ถ•)
  • AI-integrated business intelligence platforms(์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ธํ…”๋ฆฌ์ „์Šค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ)
  • Large-scale repositories of compliance information(๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ)
  • Responsible AI governance models for public administration(๊ณต๊ณตํ–‰์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ)

โ–  Overall Takeaway(์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ )

The central message of the paper is that GenAI can fundamentally transform compliance risk analysis by enabling natural-language-driven research, analysis, and analytics, but its adoption must be accompanied by strong governance, human accountability, and responsible use principles.

(์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(GenAI)์ด ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž„.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋„์ž…์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ(Human Accountability), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ์šฉ ์›์น™(Responsible Use Principles)์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.)

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Applications in Tax and Customs AdministrationGenerative Artificial Intelligence for Compliance Risk AnalysisInternational Monetary FundTechnical Notes and Manuals์ค€์ˆ˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• AI: ์„ธ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ ํ–‰์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ
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